Tuesday, September 16, 2008

Pronoun Errors

I am going to discuss about pronoun errors today
1)Pronoun error
There are 3 main types of pronoun errors encountered by us during setence correction questions in CAT and GMAT
a.Plural and Singular 
Once you start with one, you need to stay in the same quantity (singular or plural).basically it means if we talk about one cat,we talk about one cat not ten .

§Singular Pronouns (Memorize these)
Hint: Do you see the categories I setup? It's SANE to memorize this
Some---
Any—
No—
Every—

Everyone,Everybody,Everything
Someone,Somebody,Something
Either,Neither,One,Each
Anyone,Anybody,Anything
No one,Nothing,Nobody
Whoever,Whomever
His
whenever we use these these are singular in nature ..each one of us has ..not have.. singular natureshould be kept in mind.


§Be aware that
group, jury, team, country, family are singular. Society today uses them sometimes as plural. This is because these act as a single unit when they do something.

§Plural Pronouns (Memorize these) 
Both,Their,Many,Several,Few,Others
eg .many of them have ..., both of them have done this before.

§Singular and Plural Pronouns – depends on whether the noun is singular or plural (Memorize these) 
Some,More,Most,All,
§The plural and singular clause error
When two nouns are in the sentence doing an action together but they are linked with 
i)Along with
ii)Together with
iii)With
iv)As well as
v)In addition to
vi)Accompanied by
are all singular in nature
… this does not make the following action they do plural. Only "and" can take the two singulars and make their action plural.
For example
Janie, with her poodle limping behind her, walks to the dog park.
Explanation: Janie is singular. The poodle is singular. They both do the action together, but the use of "with" means that we need to keep the verb singular. "Walks" is singular and "Walk" is plural. 
Remember, a verb that ends with an –s is singular. 
ps : reminds me of a song from khuda ke liye movie janie ..

Pronoun reference error- referring pronoun is not correctly placed.
For example:
In the sentence "Samantha and Jane went shopping, but
she couldn't find anything she liked.", the pronoun "she" does not refer to a person unambiguously. It is difficult to understand that whether "she" is referring to Samantha or Jane.
The correct form would be "Samantha and Jane went shopping, but Samantha couldn't find anything she liked."

Relative pronouns are often used incorrectly today.
1)Referring to things or animals – that, which
2)Referring to people—who, whom
3)They –
be careful that you don't use this unless you're positive there is a referring noun. Today we often use "they" to replace the use of a proper noun which it is not. It's a Pronoun.

That and Which Usage has to be correct

The traditional approach to this question is to use "that" with restrictive clauses and "which" with nonrestrictive clauses

 Use "that" with restrictive clauses. A restrictive clause is one that limits -- or restricts --the identity of the subject in some way. When writing a restrictive clause, introduce it with the word "that" and no comma. (However, if the subject is or was a human being, use "who" to introduce the clause.)

Correct Restrictive Use:

The painting that was hanging in the foyer was stolen.

Explanation: The use of "that" in this sentence is correct if the reader intends to single out the one painting that was in the foyer as the stolen painting. However, if there were several paintings hanging in the foyer, this use would be incorrect, since it would mislead the reader into believing that there had been only one painting in the foyer. The restriction here tells us that the one painting that had been hanging in the foyer was stolen -- not the painting in the living room, or the one in the drawing room, or any of those in the parlor. 

 Use "which" with nonrestrictive clauses. A nonrestrictive clause may tell us something interesting or incidental about a subject, but it does not define that subject. When writing a nonrestrictive clause, introduce it with "which" and insert commas around the clause. (However, if the subject is or was a human being, use "who" to introduce the clause and insert commas around the clause.)

Correct Nonrestrictive Use:

The painting, which was hanging in the foyer, was stolen.

Explanation: While this nonrestrictive use tells us that the painting was hanging in the foyer, it does not tell us which of the several paintings in the foyer was the stolen painting. It would be incorrect to use this nonrestrictive clause if there had been only one painting in the foyer, as the sentence leaves open the possibility that there were others.  

Combining Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses. One can provide both limiting and nonlimiting information about a subject in a single sentence. Consider the following.Correct Use of Both Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses:

The Van Gogh that was hanging in the foyer, which we purchased in 1929 for $10,000, was stolen.

Explanation: The restrictive clause beginning with "that" tells us that there was only one Van Gogh hanging in the foyer and that it was stolen. The nonrestrictive clause beginning with "which" tells us what the owner had paid for the painting, but it does not tell us that the owner did not pay another $10,000 for another painting in the same year. It does not limit the possibilities to the Van Gogh that was in the foyer.  

Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses beginning with "Who." When writing about human beings, we use "who" rather than "that" or "which" to introduce a clause telling us something about that human being. Since "who" is the only option, we distinguish between a restrictive use and a nonrestrictive use by the use of commas.

Correct Restrictive Use:

The suspect in the lineup who has red hair committed the crime.

Note how the subject "suspect" in this sentence is restricted in two ways: we know that this suspect is both in the lineup and has red hair. As a result, we know that the other suspects, who are not in the lineup, could not have committed the crime. Moreover, of those suspects in the lineup, we know that the one suspect in the lineup with red hair committed the crime. If there were more than one suspect in the lineup with red hair, the above usage would be incorrect because it implies a different meaning.

Correct Nonrestrictive Use:

The suspect in the lineup, who owns a red car, committed the crime.

In this example, the restrictive clause "in the lineup" tells us that of all possible suspects in the world, the one who committed the crime is in the lineup. However, while the nonrestrictive clause "who owns a red car" tells us something about the suspect, it does not foreclose the possibility that there are several different suspects in the lineup with red cars. The car color may tell us something useful, but it does not restrict us to only one possibility. 

 



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